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Outside Udvada Atash Behram, a photo by Seranya Photography on Flickr.
“拜火宗教與突厥興衰 ——以古代突厥鬥戰神研究為中心
王小甫 (北京大學歷史系、中國古代史研究中心教授)
提要：本文研究了漠北闕特勤墓地發現以及國內虞弘墓等出土葬具上的鳥身祭司形象，認為這就是唐代所謂突厥“鬥戰神”，本為拜火教神祇 Verethraghna（Warahrān/Bahrām）的化身之一。這一文物證實了古突厥人的拜火教（Zoroastrainism）信仰。通過本項研究，古代突厥人和粟特人的關系、拜火教的傳播等相關歷史問題和文化現象得以重新探討。本文認為，古代突厥興於拜火，毀於拜火，其間教訓，可謂深刻。而本文的研究也表明，只有註重原典內涵，深入對象本身，而不只是做表面形式的類比，學術研究才有可能實現真正的創新和突破。
關鍵詞：拜火 祆教 鳥身祭司 突厥 鬥戰神
Zoroastrianism
and the Rise and Fall of the Turkic Kaghanate: A Case Study of the Göktürk God
of War
By
Dr. Wang Xiao-Fu (王小甫)
Abstract
This
study focuses on a specific anthro-zoomorphic iconography of half-bird, half
man motifs extant both at the Kul Tigin memorial complex – part of the famed
Orkhon Inscriptions -- located in what is now the Arkhangai Province of central
Mongolia, and the Sui Dynasty era tomb of Yu-Hong (虞弘) discovered
in 1999 near Taiyuan, Shanxi, in the People’s Republic of China. The author
asserts that these images represent the same figure as that recorded in Tang
Dynasty annals discussing the Tu-Jue (突厥) or Göktürk god of war from the ancient Turkic Kaghanate (552 – 744
C.E.). This figure is in turn linked to an avatar of the Zoroastrian deity,
Verethragna (Warahrān / Bahrām), and offers proof
of the Zoroastrian faith being present within the Turkic Kaghanate.
Further, this study explores and re-examines the relationship of the ancient Turks and the Sogdians, the spreading of Zoroastrianism, related historical questions and cultural phenomena. The author asserts that the then extant Zoroastrianism within the Turkic Kaghanate flourished, playing an important role in that steppe domain until being superseded by the Uyghur Kaghanate (744 – 840 C.E.) which was known to espouse a relatively heterodoxical belief in Manicheism, offering lessons which may be described as profound. Finally the author contends that a full picture of the subject may not be obtained by focus on the original texts alone, or by only an in-depth interpretation of the icons, as superficial analogies prove lacking. Rather academic research herein may achieve innovation and breakthroughs via a synthesis of these two approaches.
Further, this study explores and re-examines the relationship of the ancient Turks and the Sogdians, the spreading of Zoroastrianism, related historical questions and cultural phenomena. The author asserts that the then extant Zoroastrianism within the Turkic Kaghanate flourished, playing an important role in that steppe domain until being superseded by the Uyghur Kaghanate (744 – 840 C.E.) which was known to espouse a relatively heterodoxical belief in Manicheism, offering lessons which may be described as profound. Finally the author contends that a full picture of the subject may not be obtained by focus on the original texts alone, or by only an in-depth interpretation of the icons, as superficial analogies prove lacking. Rather academic research herein may achieve innovation and breakthroughs via a synthesis of these two approaches.
Keywords:
Zoroastrianism, hybrid anthro-zoomorphic figures, Tu-Jue / Göktürk Turkic Kaghanate, God of War
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